Study Provides Clues to Prevent Spread of Ovarian Cancer

A drug that blocks production of an enzyme that enables ovarian cancer to gain a foothold in a new site can slow the spread of the disease and prolong survival in mice, according to a study by researchers from the University of Chicago Medical Center, but only if the drug is given early in the disease process.

In the April issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, the researchers show that an enzyme known as MMP-2 is necessary for ovarian cancer to attach itself to the sites where it tends to spread. Several drugs known as MMP inhibitors (for example, marimastat or prinomastat) inhibit the enzyme, dramatically reducing the tumor's ability to establish itself at sites beyond the ovary. But such MMP inhibitors, which were abandoned after they failed to extend survival in earlier clinical trials, have to be given before the cancer has spread.

"Our study suggests that MMP-2 inhibitors could have a significant impact on ovarian cancer but only if administered quite early, before the cancer has advanced beyond the ovary," said Ernst Lengyel, assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Chicago.

This approach could help women who receive surgical treatment while the disease is still limited to the ovary as well as those who have successful surgery to remove all evidence of local spread of the disease. In the earlier trial, marimastat was given to women with late-stage disease that had already spread.

The fifth leading cause of cancer death in women, ovarian cancer -- unlike breast, colon or lung cancer -- tends to spread within the abdominal cavity and not to distant organs. Carried by fluid, it most often spreads throughout the peritoneal cavity and to the omentum, a large fat pad draped over the small bowel.

Lengyel and colleagues wanted to understand the many steps required for ovarian cancer to dislodge from its original site and establish itself elsewhere in the peritoneal cavity. They found that one of the key steps was production of MMP-2 by cancer cells that came in contact with the cells that line the peritoneal cavity.

When ovarian cancer cells make contact with the cells that line this internal cavity, they produce MMP-2 (an acronym for matrix metalloproteinase-2). MMP-2 alters two proteins--vitronectin and fibronectin--found on the surface of the cells that line the cavity. These alterations change those proteins in a way that enables the cancer cells to latch on to them better. Once attached, the cancer cells can multiply rapidly and invade.

By inhibiting MMP-2 activity early in the disease course, Lengyel and colleagues were able to prevent injected ovarian cancer cells from attaching to their target tissues in the peritoneum and omentum. This reduced the growth of new tumors by 68 percent, when measured four weeks after treatment.

The inhibitor nearly doubled survival time in mice that were injected with ovarian cancer cells. Those who received it survived an average of 63 days, compared to untreated mice, who survived only 36 days.

Brief and early intraperitoneal treatment with an MMP inhibitor, the authors conclude, may reduce peritoneal attachment, reduce metastases and significantly prolong survival.

The treatment has much less impact, however, once cancerous cells have attached and formed colonies. In several earlier trials, marimastat, an oral MMP inhibitor, was given for a prolonged period of time to women with late-stage disease that had already spread.

"MMP-inhibitors were given at the wrong time for too long, causing side effects," Lengyel said. Attachment is the first step for metastatic spread. MMP-2, the target of MMP inhibitors, plays a role in early cancer spread.

"Our study examines the initial step of ovarian cancer metastasis," the authors note, when cancer cells meet unprepared target cells. Other steps in this process, they suggest, may also provide additional treatment targets.

The National Institutes of Health, the Department of Defense, the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund, the Gynecologic Cancer Foundation and the Illinois Department of Health funded the research. Additional authors include Hilary Kenny and Swayamjot Kaur of the University of Chicago and Lisa Coussens of the University of California San Francisco.


Tags - OVARIAN CANCER, METASTASIS, MMP-2, MARIMASTAT, OMENTUM

Common Early-Warning Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer Identified

ANN ARBOR, Mich., Oct. 9 (medianowonline)- In a study published in the Journal of Women's Health, researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Thomson Healthcare (NYSE: TOC; TSK: TOC) found a distinct pattern of medical signs and symptoms that occurred prior to the detection of ovarian cancer.


According to the study, the conditions patients experienced before an ovarian cancer diagnosis included abdominal pain, urinary tract conditions, menopausal disorders, female genital symptoms, and gastrointestinal symptoms. These symptoms were most pronounced in the 30-90 days prior to diagnosis.


To make this determination, researchers analyzed medical claims from 920 patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer and tracked the symptoms those patients experienced prior to diagnosis. These results were compared with claims data for 2,760 women without ovarian cancer matched on age, geographic region, Medicare eligibility, and health plan type.


Five conditions were identified as being possibly related to ovarian cancer because they were reported significantly more frequently by women diagnosed with the cancer than they were in the comparison group. While all symptoms were reported among women with and without ovarian cancer, the rate of these symptoms was higher, and continued to increase, beginning 90 days prior to diagnosis. Abdominal pain was most frequently linked to a subsequent ovarian cancer diagnosis, with 83 percent of women in the ovarian cancer group recording abdominal pain within 30 days of diagnosis in contrast to fewer than two percent in the comparison group.


Other symptoms more frequently recorded for the ovarian cancer group included female genital symptoms, which were 3.5 times more frequent, and gastrointestinal symptoms, which were 1.5 to 2 times more frequent. Urinary tract disorders and menopausal symptoms were also recorded twice as frequently among the women in the ovarian cancer group.


This study found that while the presence of ovarian cancer-related symptoms and conditions prior to diagnoses was documented in the medical claims data, this increase was most pronounced in the two to three months prior to diagnosis. Still, there remains a challenge to link symptoms with ovarian cancer, as many of the related symptoms are also present for several other disorders and diseases.


"Ovarian cancer is most often diagnosed at the later stages," said Stella Chang, research director at Thomson Healthcare and co-author of the study. "Identifying a pattern of symptoms can keep doctors one step ahead of a dangerous disease. It is important to understand that these symptoms do not automatically dictate that a woman has ovarian cancer, but recognizing them could lead to earlier diagnosis and more treatment options to save a patient's life."


About the Study


The study, "Temporal Patterns of Conditions and Symptoms Potentially Associated with Ovarian Cancer," was conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Thomson Healthcare. It is published in the September issue of the Journal of Women's Health (Volume 16, Number 7, pp. 971-986.)


The authors are Michelle Wynn, formerly of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control; Stella Chang of Thomson Healthcare; and Lucy Peipins of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control.


About Thomson Healthcare


Thomson Healthcare is the leading provider of decision support solutions that help organizations across the healthcare industry improve clinical and business performance. Thomson Healthcare products and services help clinicians, hospitals, employers, health plans, government agencies, and pharmaceutical companies manage the cost and improve the quality of healthcare. Thomson Healthcare is a part of The Thomson Corporation, a provider of value-added information, software tools and applications to professionals in the fields of healthcare, law, tax, accounting, scientific research, and financial services. (PRN)